For example, surprise can be measured with ERPs (e.g., Berger et al., 2006), pupillometry (Zhang & Emberson, 2020), total looking time (e.g., Skerry & Spelke, 2014, but see Paulus, 2022 for a recommendation not to use this measure), and social looks to the caregiver (Dunn & Bremner, 2017). In infant studies, we sometimes examine a construct that can be measured with different behavioural measures. Here, I want to suggest another solution which many researchers can adopt with almost no added effort – measuring responses with several measures at the same time. They outline six possible solutions, ranging from the practical, which many researchers can adopt off-the-shelf (e.g., adding more trials by increasing infant engagement or by adding pauses within the experiment), to the more general improvement to the field at large (e.g., calculating and reporting reliability of measures). ( 2021) rightfully point out, and demonstrate, the importance of examining and improving reliability in infant experimentations.
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